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孙远钊 | 版权拾轶:著作权保护范围的扩展、限缩与平衡
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【1】《中华人民共和国著作权法》第三条:“本法所称的作品,是指文学、艺术和科学领域内具有独创性并能以一定形式表现的智力成果……。”另参见《保护文学和艺术作品伯尔尼公约》(简称《伯尔尼公约》)第二条第一款:“‘文学和艺术作品’一词包括文学、科学和艺术领域内的一切成果,不论其表现形式或方式如何,诸如书籍、小册子和其他文字作品;讲课、演讲、讲道和其他同类性质作品;戏剧或音乐戏剧作品;舞蹈艺术作品和哑剧;配词或未配词的乐曲;电影作品和以类似摄制电影的方法表现的作品;图画、油画、建筑、雕塑、雕刻和版画作品;摄影作品和以类似摄影的方法表现的作品;实用艺术作品;与地理、地形、建筑或科学有关的插图、地图、设计图、草图和立体作品。”【2】例如,崔国斌,【著作权法原理与案例】,北京大学出版社(2014),第123页以下;王迁,【知识产权法教程】(第3版),中国人民大学出版社(2011),第65页以下。【3】此一法律的全称是《为鼓励知识创作授予作者及购买者就其已印刷成册的图书在一定时期内的权利之法》(An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of such Copies, during the Times therein mentioned, 8 Ann. c. 21 or 8 Ann. c. 19 (1710)),延续施行了132年,后为《1842年著作权法》(Copyright Act 1842, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45 (1842))取代。之所以称为《安娜法》是因为当时是安娜女王(Queen Anne,1665-1714)主政的时期,也称为Copyright Act 1710。【4】关于本案的详细介绍,参见David Hunter, Music Copyright in Britain to 1800, 67 MUSIC AND LETTERS 269, 273 (1986)。【5】 《安娜法》的全文(英文)可参见Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library, The Statute of Anne; April 10, 1710, THE AVALON PROJECT: DOCUMENTS IN LAW, HISTORY AND DIPLOMACY, available at https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/anne_1710.asp;另参见Georg Predota, Composers in the Court Room – Bach versus Longman & Lukey, INTERLUDE, November 23, 2020, available at https://interlude.hk/composers-in-the-court-room-johann-christian-bach-versus-longman-lukey/。
【6】Bach v. Longman, (1777) 2 Cowper 623.【7】Staffan Albinsson, Early Music Copyrights: Did They Matter for Beethoven and Schumann?, 43 INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF THE AESTHETICS AND SOCIOLOGY OF MUSIC (IRASM) 265 (2012).
【8】马戏表演可至少上溯到罗马共和时期在圆形竞技场的表演与竞赛。顾名思义,近代的马戏表演在18世纪发轫之初就是以表演各种马术特技为主轴,后来才逐渐加上了动物与特技表演。目前公认的“现代马戏之父”是英国的菲利普·阿斯特利(Philip Astley, 1742-1814)。关于世界马戏的发展历史,参见Dominique Jando, Short History of Circus, CIRCOPEDIA, available at http://www.circopedia.org/SHORT_HISTORY_OF_THE_CIRCUS。【9】蚀刻平版印刷或版画技术是18世纪末首先在德国开发成功。从19世纪初开始,许多德国移民陆续前往美国纽约州的布法罗市(或水牛城,Buffalo, New York)一带定居。由于后续的改进让此一技术不断完善而且成本也愈来愈低,其中有相当多的移民把这项工艺引进到美国并日益普及运用。布法罗市也成为当时从事这类海报设计与印刷的一个重镇。参见Diane L. Zimmerman, The Story of Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Company: Originality as a Vehicle for Copyright Inclusivity, contained in and as Chapter 2 of JANE C. GINSBURG AND ROCHELLE C. DREYFUSS, EDS., INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STORIES (2006), at 77, 83。
【10】Neil C. Cockerline, Ethical Considerations for the Conservation of Circus Posters, 17 WESTERN ASSOCIATION FOR ART CONSERVATION (WAAC) NEWSLETTER (May 1995), available at https://cool.culturalheritage.org/waac/wn/wn17/wn17-2/wn17-205.html.【11】Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Company, 188 U.S. 239 (1903).【12】Act of July 8, 1870, ch. 230, 86, 16 Stat. 198 (codified at Rev. Stat. 4952), amended by Act of March 3, 1891, ch. 565, 8, 26 Stat. 1106, and Act of March 2, 1895, ch. 194, 28 Stat. 965.【13】其原文为:“It would be a dangerous undertaking for persons trained only to the law to constitute themselves final judges of the worth of pictorial illustrations, outside of the narrowest and most obvious limits. At the one extreme, some works of genius would be sure to miss appreciation. Their very novelty would make them repulsive until the public had learned the new language in which their author spoke. It may be more than doubted, for instance, whether the etchings of Goya or the paintings of Manet would have been sure of protection when seen for the first time. At the other end, copyright would be denied to pictures which appealed to a public less educated than the judge. Yet if they command the interest of any public, they have a commercial value -- it would be bold to say that they have not an aesthetic and educational value -- and the taste of any public is not to be treated with contempt.” 188 U.S. 251-52.【14】Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991)。不过霍姆斯大法官在判决书中不经意地把编辑目录做为可受著作权保护的客体例示却成为后来两个上诉法院在判决中把“额头流汗”(sweat of the brow)理论予以合理化的主要依据,也引发了将近70年的争议和纠结,直到Feist案彻底扬弃了此一理论为止。参见Jeweler’s Circular Publishing Co. v. Keystone Publishing Co., 281 F. 83 (2d Cir. 1922)(“珠宝商标索引案”);Leon v. Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co., 91 F.2d 484 (9th Cir. 1937)(“电话号码索引案”)。【15】The Trade-Mark Cases, 100 U.S. 82 (1879)(这是联邦最高法院把三个与商标有关的案件合并再审,判决国会于1870年基于《联邦宪法》第一条第八款第八项规定(即通称的《专利著作权条款》(Patent and Copyright Clause))的授权制定的联邦商标法“于宪无据”,逾越了该条款的授权,因此违宪)。国会只得在两年后改依《州际商务条款》(Interstate Commerce Clause,即《联邦宪法》第一条第八款第三项规定)通过了一部新的商标法,并相沿适用到至1946年由现行的《兰能法》(Trademark Act of 1946, a/k/a Lanham Act, 60 Stat. 427 (1946))取代为止。参见Trade-Mark Act of Mar. 3, 1881, ch. 138, 21 Stat. 502 (1881)。【16】同上注,100 U.S. 94。【17】Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony, 111 U.S. 53 (1884).【18】Barbara O. Natanson, Chance Encounters: Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Print Enthusiast, U.S. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS PICTURE THIS BLOG, OCTOBER 11, 2019, available at https://blogs.loc.gov/picturethis/2019/10/chance-encounters-justice-oliver-wendell-holmes-jr-print-enthusiast/; see also GARY J. AICHELE, OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, JR.: SOLDIER, SCHOLAR, JUDGE (1st ed., 1989), at 23.【19】Holmes v. Hurst, 174 U.S. 82 (1899)(法院表示,涉案书籍中的单篇作品原来是刊登在《大西洋月刊》(Atlantic Monthly)上,当时并未依法标注版权或在出版前依法寄存,因此违反了当时著作权法对于公示公知(public notice)的法定要求,导致整部作品进入了公公领域。此一瑕疵也无法在后续汇编成书时以溯及既往的方式补正)。【20】SHELDON M. NOVICK, HONORABLE JUSTICE: THE LIFE OF OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES (1989), at 254(其原文为:“I fired off a decision upholding the cause of law and art and deciding that a poster for a circus representing decollates and fat legged ballet girls could be copyrighted. Harlan, that stout old Kentuckian, not exactly an esthete, dissented for high art.”)。按,哈伦是指约翰·马歇尔·哈伦大法官(John Marshall Harlan, 1833-1911),他最著名的是在一个当时关于种族隔离的案件中提出了唯一的反对意见,认为种族隔离或所谓的“隔离但平等”(separate but equal)是宪法绝不能容忍的违宪政策,所有的公民都不应受到歧视。参见Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896)(dissenting opinion)。【21】Case C-5/08, Infopaq International A/S v. Danske Dagblades Forening, [2009] ECDR 16; Case C-604/10, Football Dataco Ltd. and Others v. Yahoo! UK Ltd. and Others, ECLI:EU:C:2012:115 (1 March 2012); Case C-683/17, Cofemel — Sociedade de Vestuário SA v. G-Star Raw CV, ECLI:EU:C:2019:721 (12 September 2019).【22】例如,Barnes v. Miner, 122 F. 480 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1903);Martinetti v. Maguire, 16 F.Cas. 920 (No. 9173)(C.C.Cal. 1867)(皆被法院认为属于“不道德的创作”而拒绝赋予著作权保护)。【23】《伯尔尼公约》第五条第二款:“享有和行使这些权利不需要履行任何手续,也不论作品起源国是否存在保护。……”【24】在西班牙文,马哈(maja)意指“美女”或“漂亮的姑娘”,但是在当时的社会环境和语境下带有负面含意,暗指来自下层社会、爱好虚荣的女性(尤其是从她们喜好穿著夸大、色彩缤纷的着装来表现自我可资识别)。至于这幅画中女子的身份一直是个谜。一说是戈多伊总理当时的年轻情妇佩篳塔·杜朶(Josefa de Tudó y Catalán, 1st Countess of Castillo Fiel, 1779-1869,一般通称Pepita Tudó,後來兩人在戈多伊的原配死亡後成婚),另一說是玛丽亚‧特瑞莎(María del Pilar Teresa Cayetana de Silva y Álvarez de Toledo, 13th Duchess of Alba, 1762-1802)传说是戈雅当时的女友。【25】U.S. Copyright Office Copyright Review Board, Second Request for Reconsideration for Refusal to Register A Recent Entrance to Paradise (Correspondence ID 1-3ZPC6C3; SR # 1-7100387071), February 14, 2022, at 3, available at https://www.copyright.gov/rulings-filings/review-board/docs/a-recent-entrance-to-paradise.pdf.【26】Complaint, Thaler v. Perlmutter, Case No. 1:22-cv-01564 (D.D.C. 2022), available at https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.dcd.243956/gov.uscourts.dcd.243956.1.0.pdf.【27】Naruto v. Slater, 888 F. 3d 418 (9th Cir. 2018)。此外,在上世纪90年代,属于该巡回上诉法院管辖范围的亚利桑那州联邦地区法院曾经在Urantia Foundation v. Maaherra, 895 F. Supp. 1347 (D. Ariz. 1995)案判决,受到某种灵异感召而记录下来的话语无法构成著作权法意义下的“作者”。
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